On December 1, 2021, Arthur J. Gallagher completed its acquisition of Willis Re, a subsidiary of Willis Towers Watson Public Limited Company. The percentage of gross premiums written for Arthur J. Gallagher in 2021, as reflected above, includes gross premiums written which were generated through Willis Re, a subsidiary of Willis Towers Watson Public Limited Company. Subsidiaries and affiliates of Aon plc, Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. and Willis Towers Watson Public Limited Company accounted for 42.8%, 24.5% and 12.3%, respectively, of gross premiums written in 2020 and 41.7%, 27.1% and 10.8%, respectively, of gross premiums written in 2019. N$) 1 )-)I$N Under current Bermuda law, RenaissanceRe and its Bermuda subsidiaries are not subject to any income or capital gains taxes. In the event that such taxes are imposed, RenaissanceRe and its Bermuda subsidiaries would be exempted from any such tax until March 2035 pursuant to the Bermuda Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966, and Amended Acts of 1987 and 2011, respectively. RenaissanceRe Finance and its subsidiaries are subject to income taxes imposed by U.S. federal and state authorities and file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return. Should the U.S. subsidiaries pay a dividend to RenaissanceRe, withholding taxes would apply to the extent of current year or accumulated earnings and profits at an expected tax rate of 5.0%. The Company also has operations in Ireland, the U.K., Singapore, Switzerland and Australia which are subject to income taxes imposed by the respective jurisdictions in which they operate. Withholding taxes would not be expected to apply to dividends paid to RenaissanceRe from its subsidiaries in Ireland, the U.K., Singapore, Switzerland and Australia. The following is a summary of the Company’s income (loss) before taxes allocated between domestic and foreign operations: Year ended December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Domestic Bermuda $ 156,031 $ 1,122,261 $ 861,068 Foreign Singapore 4,420 16,416 (6,334) Ireland 101 1,315 (388) U.S. (92,335) 286 102,724 Australia 7,148 (1,689) 3,390 Switzerland (106,249) (40,502) 14,255 U.K. (83,224) (102,167) (7,233) Income (loss) before taxes $ (114,108) $ 995,920 $ 967,482 Income tax (expense) benefit is comprised as follows: Year ended December 31, 2021 Frrent De7erred )otal Total income tax (expense) benefit $ (992) $ 11,660 $ 10,668 Year ended December 31, 2020 Total income tax (expense) benefit $ (6,313) $ 3,451 $ (2,862) Year ended December 31, 2019 Total income tax (expense) benefit $ (2,128) $ (15,087) $ (17,215) The Company’s expected income tax provision computed on pre-tax income (loss) at the weighted average tax rate has been calculated as the sum of the pre-tax income (loss) in each jurisdiction multiplied by that jurisdiction’s applicable statutory tax rate. S tatutory tax rates of 0.0% in Bermuda, 21.0% in the U.S., 12.5% in Ireland, 19.0% in the U.K., 17.0% in Singapore, 19.7% in Switzerland and 30.0% in Australia have been used. The Company’s effective income tax rate, which it calculates as income tax expense divided by net income before taxes, may fluctuate significantly from period to period depending on the geographic distribution of F-70